Understanding the differences among Universal Design and Inclusive Design implementation: Context of Indonesian Public Library

The promotion and protection of the rights of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) are central to the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (UNCPRPD), which is adopted in the Republic of Indonesia. Following the recommendation of UNCRPD, several Indonesian national regulatory policies advocate for the rights of PwDs and Universal Design (UD) implementation. The legislation operates over three jurisdiction levels adding complexity to disability policies in the country. In the case of buildings such as public libraries this is particularly problematic. Recognising that the public library�s role is in the PwDs education and of the educational facilities improvement in previous research, this paper reports on a study to identify the barriers and opportunities for the Universal Design (UD) or Inclusive Design (ID) of Public Libraries in Indonesia. A concept that is often used interchangeably with ID is Universal Design (UD). As described by Mace (1985), Universal Design (UD) can be defined as �The design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.� Therefore, UD recommends a standardised design that can be used by every user. Connell et al. (1997) prescribe seven UD principles, including: Equitable Use; Flexibility in Use; Size and Space for Approach and Use; Low Physical Effort Tolerance for Error; Simple and Intuitive Use; and Perceptible Information. One achievement of the UD field is the American Disability Act (ADA) 2010 (United States Access Board, 2010) regulating the minimum standards for building accessibility for various building functions. Despite this positive contribution, the UD concept is often criticised such as by Imrie & Hall (2001) for its utopian view that, in the end, fails to deliver on its goal of catering to all users� needs. In addition, the implementation of UD in conventional design practice has not been effective because of weak ADA 2010 implementation, limited UD education, and the weak role of the American Institute of Architects in UD education and professional development. Firstly, the ADA 2010 (United States Access Board, 2010) does not require the stakeholders such as architects, engineers, and building owners to consider additional users needs contributing to frequent neglect of users needs. For many stakeholders their primary concern is profitability, subsequently PwDs are not considered or involved in the design process (Fletcher et al., 2015). Hamraie (2016) also draws to attention incompatibility between PwDs needs and UD regulation confirming that accessibility issues for PwDs are often neglected in mainstream design practice. In contrast, in ID development, there are several definitions of ID, ranging from the micro-level (product design) to the macro-level (interior design, architecture, landscape, and urban planning). ID in product and service design is defined as �The design of mainstream products and services that are accessible to, and usable by, as many people as reasonably possible ... without the need for special adaptation or specialised design.� (The British Standards Institution, 2005). In Architecture, ID is described in the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment/ CABE (2008, p. 12) as �a process of designing, building, managing and populating places and spaces that ensures that they work for as many people as possible, not just some groups. It encompasses where people live and the public buildings they use, such as health centres, education facilities, and libraries; and how they get around�neighbourhoods, streets, parks, and green spaces and transport.� The BS 7000-6 guideline (The British Standards Institution, 2005) has promoted the ID application in the United Kingdom (UK). It is also a part of the BS 7000 series on Design Management Systems for ID implementation to every category of services and products. In addition, ID is equated with dignity, treatment and assistance of PwDs in response to the specific needs of PwDs. Therefore, from an ID perspective, building designers are compelled to consider users� particular needs current and future (CABE, 2008, p. 12). Recognising the need for resources in this area, the University of Cambridge (2018) proposed various practical tools and design guidelines for managers and designers to implement within the business context. The ID toolkit also includes the expectation that stakeholders provide input in the design process and that everyone embraces user diversity. Meanwhile, the ID process involves the life-cycle of stages, such as (University of Despite this work and the availability of these resources, in the Indonesian context, the USA�s UD concept is more accepted than the UK understanding of ID. It is reflected in the adoption of Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in to Indonesian regulation in the Act no 4, Year 1997 on Disabled Persons. The ADA is also further reflected in the Act no 8, Year 2016 on People with Disabilities that subsides the Act no 4. Year 1997. This paper argues that this choice reinforces a medical model of Government Services towards the PwDs, including educational services. An exception in Indonesia is recognition of the ID concept which was vaguely adopted after the United Nations Habitat 3 of Inclusive City and which advocated the need for inclusive engagement has to consider social inclusion, gender and other social equality issues. Unfortunately, many ID recommendations remain misunderstood and are not implemented by stakeholders causing poor accessibility in public spaces (Edwards, 2014). In response, Kusumastuti, Pradanasari & Ratnawati (2014) recommend increasing the educational level of People with Disabilities to create inclusive employment and generally increase public awareness of the need for Disability inclusion. Adioetomo, Mont & Irwanto (2014) also support the argument for developing an inclusive education system and facilities. This paper reports on a case study of a selected Indonesian Public Library. In particular, the study aims to investigate the barriers and critical success points of implementing ID in public libraries through Indonesian stakeholders perspectives. The study uses a Grounded Theory (GT) methodology supported by Case Study Research (CSR), and a Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) framework. It involves document evaluation, stakeholder interviews, and walkthrough evaluations of the public library environments

The Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) as A Method in Case Study Research: Analysing the Accessibility of Library Design

Case Study research often uses different methods to analyse the rich data that is collected. This paper presents a new method for Case Study research, the Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE). This is a method that is often used an auditing tool for design but has the potential to be employed in different ways when coupled with Case Study research. This presentation will discuss the historical use of the Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) and how it can be adapted for use in qualitative research more generally. Furthermore, an example of how the Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) can be implemented in case study research will be discussed through a study at the library of the Petra Christian University, Indonesia that was conducted in 2017. This case study was to an analyse the accessibility of the library for physical access but also access to education. This case study involved the collection of a rich data set through interviews, focus groups, photos, and walk-through audits with key stakeholders, management and people with disabilities. Through the use of the Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) method it provided a framework for understanding how all of the different data sources could be collected together and organized. This presentation will discuss the use of the Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) method in new and innovative ways and evidence its potential to not only provide a framework to collect data, but also to organize and analyse the data to inform case study research practices

Comparing Methods for Analysis of Pupillary Response

Changes in eye-pupil size index a range of cognitive processes. However, variations in the protocols used to analyze such data exist in the psychological literature. This raises the question of whether different approaches to pupillary response data influence the outcome of the analysis. To address this question, four methods of analysis were compared, using pupillary responses to sexually appetitive visual content as example data. These methods comprised analysis of the unadjusted (raw) pupillary response data,z-scored data, percentage-change data, and data transformed by a prestimulus baseline correction. Across two experiments, these methods yielded near-identical outcomes, leading to similar conclusions. This suggests that the range of approaches that are employed in the psychological literature to analyze pupillary response data do not fundamentally influence the outcome of the analysis. However, some systematic carryover effects were observed when a prestimulus baseline correction was applied, whereby dilation effects from an arousing target on one trial still influenced pupil size on the next trial. This indicates that the appropriate application of this analysis might require additional information, such as prior knowledge of the duration of carryover effects

Informing the development of Australia's national eating disorders research and translation strategy : a rapid review methodology

Background Eating disorders (EDs) are highly complex mental illnesses associated with significant medical complications. There are currently knowledge gaps in research relating to the epidemiology, aetiology, treatment, burden, and outcomes of eating disorders. To clearly identify and begin addressing the major deficits in the scientific, medical, and clinical understanding of these mental illnesses, the Australian Government Department of Health in 2019 funded the InsideOut Institute (IOI) to develop the Australian Eating Disorder Research and Translation Strategy, the primary aim of which was to identify priorities and targets for building research capacity and outputs. A series of rapid reviews (RR) were conducted to map the current state of knowledge, identify evidence gaps, and inform development of the national research strategy. Published peer-reviewed literature on DSM-5 listed EDs, across eight knowledge domains was reviewed: (1) population, prevalence, disease burden, Quality of Life in Western developed countries; (2) risk factors; (3) co-occurring conditions and medical complications; (4) screening and diagnosis; (5) prevention and early intervention; (6) psychotherapies and relapse prevention; (7) models of care; (8) pharmacotherapies, alternative and adjunctive therapies; and (9) outcomes (including mortality). While RRs are systematic in nature, they are distinct from systematic reviews in their aim to gather evidence in a timely manner to support decision-making on urgent or high-priority health concerns at the national level. Results Three medical science databases were searched as the primary source of literature for the RRs: Science Direct, PubMed and OVID (Medline). The search was completed on 31st May 2021 (spanning January 2009-May 2021). At writing, a total of 1,320 articles met eligibility criteria and were included in the final review. Conclusions For each RR, the evidence has been organised to review the knowledge area and identify gaps for further research and investment. The series of RRs (published separately within the current series) are designed to support the development of research and translation practice in the field of EDs. They highlight areas for investment and investigation, and provide researchers, service planners and providers, and research funders rapid access to quality current evidence, which has been synthesised and organised to assist decision-making

Doing dis/ordered mapping/s: Embodying disability in the museum environment

This research is a doing of mapping/s through multi-sited case study research—Canada’s Sports Hall of Fame (CSHF) in Calgary, Canada (pilot study), the Canadian War Museum (CWM) in Ottawa, Canada (case study one), and the Canadian Museum for Human Rights (CMHR) in Winnipeg, Canada (case study two)—that engages in a doing of mapping/s in order to better understand how and if the embodied experiences of those with disabilities are included in museum environments. It is transdisciplinary research that brings together museum studies and disability studies, which takes material culture, relational, embodied and reflexive approaches with an aim towards a more holistic view on disability and museums. The two central questions queried are: how are the embodied experiences of people with disabilities included/excluded in the museum environment and how is knowledge produced about the embodied experiences of people with disabilities in the museum? The doing of mapping/s is not about fixing lines and encounters in order to produce a map or model; on the contrary, the doing of mapping/s is to explore differing embodiments and material relations among people, things and disability. Therefore, the approach to this research weaves in/with/through embodying in order to pursue new trajectories—in methods and methodologies, in material and relational theories, in processes of inclusion, in transdisciplinarity and in the doing of mapping/s. What the complex braiding of this research suggests is that a more holistic exploration of inclusion in the museum needs to be articulated, embodied, and drawn up. Moreover, that by embracing an unknowingness, a co- constitutive knowledge process and an embodied criticality museums can shift their understanding of inclusion from product to process and to an ongoing enactment of inclusion. The findings of this research include the mapping/s that emerge as various trajectories, acts, doings and makings of museums in Canada to reveal complicated stories. These stories are about: disability and ability; remembering, forgetting and silencing; ways of knowing through processes and products and are inclusive of differing lines of embodiments (reading, digging, resting, wheeling, swirling). There are no simple conclusions, concise summaries or easy answers but through a doing of dis/ordered mapping/s, differing ways of approaching, framing, doing, mapping and narrating are opened up to: new knowledge processes (and an unknowingness); new engagements (multisensorial and co-constitutive); and an embodied criticality. By mapping how disability is included/excluded in the museum—an influential institution where knowledge is both produced and consumed—insights into how society engages with and constructs disability are revealed

Shifting Home Ecologies: Mapping Accessible and Inclusive Housing in Australia

Housing is a right, not a commodity, yet most housing in Australia is not accessible. Since 1994 I have working across Canada and Australia to create accessible housing and to educate builders, planners, developers, interior designers, architects and consumers about the need and right to accessible housing. This talk will present some research case studies showing the shifts in home ecologies over the last 3 decades, with a focus on some of the new policies and building/construction codes that will significantly impact the Australian housing sector—moving one step closer to creating just access to housing for all

Participatory Visual Methods: Ethnographic Films.

In this workshop, participants will view short documentary/ethnographic films, and reflect on how the visceral and accessible medium of film is used to enact change. As well as discussing practical considerations of different audiences, filming logistics, and costs, content, methods and participants. This workshop will highlight the importance of inclusion in films and the featured films will cover disability, ageing and design for all

Vis-ability: Designing Cultures of Inclusion in Australia and Globally

Vis-ability is an exhibition that seeks to encourage audiences to see differently in a world which privileges sight-driven experiences. Drawing upon the knowledge of designers, university researchers and disability experts within the community, Vis-ability pushes the boundaries of universal design through innovative design technologies that encourage a multisensorial inclusive experience.A collaboration between QUT Design Lab and QUT Art Museum, this inclusive design project responds to an identified need and demand, as equal access to art and cultural heritage is still very limited. Cultural tourism has one of the largest draws globally, but most cultural institutions are still not considering how to create equitable access to encourage inclusive tourism. This project puts people at the centre, focusing on co-design practices to create cultures of inclusion. The objective was to create an innovative universal design model of practice, through multisensorial explorations that could be translated and adopted by national, state, university, and regional museums and galleries across Australia and globally.<br/